Calcium and Bone Disorders

Osteoporosis and Osteopenia

These conditions occur when bones lose density and become more fragile. Treatment may include medications, exercise counseling, and evaluation of contributing factors.

Hyperparathyroidism

Overactive parathyroid glands can cause elevated calcium levels, bone loss, and kidney stones. Treatment may include surgery or medication, depending on the cause.

Hypoparathyroidism

Low parathyroid hormone leads to low calcium levels, causing tingling, muscle cramps, or confusion. Treatment typically includes calcium and vitamin D supplementation.

Vitamin D Deficiency

Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption and bone health. Treatment involves restoring and maintaining normal vitamin D levels.

Paget’s Disease of Bone

Paget’s disease causes abnormal bone remodeling, which can lead to pain or deformities. Treatment may include medications that slow bone turnover.